New city

In the early 1970s, my father JB D'Souza headed the Maharashtra Government agency CIDCO. At the time, CIDCO's mandate was to visualize and build, on the farmland of Vashi and surrounds, a city called New Bombay. What's below is an extract from JBD's foreword to the original New Bombay plan. He wrote these words, but they really reflect the thinking of the small team that put together the plan. And they give a flavour of the promise this new city on the mainland held out. Note the "call for vigorous debate."

How that 1970s promise translated to reality circa the 21st, I don't know enough to say. (Here's a confession: my first visit to Vashi since those 1970s days, apart from speeding past on the highway, was in May this year). Whether that promise should have translated to reality at all is another question worth thinking about.

New Bombay is, of course, now Navi Mumbai.

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Our planners have addressed themselves to their task with the object of setting up a community of citizens. Their emphasis is on convenience in living and travelling to work, on economy in the use of resources -- land, building materials, money or whatever else -- and on reducing the glaring disparities that often make urban living in our situation of shortages intolerable, particularly for the vast majority that is under-privileged. With this emphasis our planners have kept constantly in view the limitation on the resources likely to be available for city-building. If there was a temptation to plan a city of architectural grandeur, our planners have steadfastly resisted it. The effort has been to avoid the spectacular, to provide minimally for the affluent few and to promote the convenience of the greatest number. New Bombay, then, will not be another Grand City; it will be a city where the common man would like to live.

This is the orientation the planners have chosen; it is a choice that few responsible persons will question. Yet -- and this is the awesome side of the planning function for a task of this size -- there is so much opportunity for error in the translation of this choice into a land use plan, into a transportation system, into the innumerable options that the planners have to take in the course of their work. Errors in these options can have disastrous results reaching far into the future, as so many of us who live in cities know to our cost. It is for this reason that this plan proposes to keep as many options open as possible, instead of laying down detailed prescriptions for the entire plan area.

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There are several concepts and policies implicit in this document that call for vigorous debate.

There is the concept of a basically self-contained city, as opposed to one that is either a dormitory for Greater Bombay or simply a work-place for residents of Greater Bombay.

There is the heavy emphasis on public transport systems, with private car traffic given less importance. There is the possibility of using buses on reserved tracks ... and the possibility of providing special tracks for the exclusive use of cyclists, so that this very cheap mode of transport can be encouraged.

The entire urban development is proposed as a series of nodal concentrations strung out along mass transport axes. Each node is to be restricted in size and separated from the next by open spaces. Each node will contain accommodation for the entire range of income groups that can be expected in the city, so that there will not be any specially rich or any specially poor nodes.

There will be a 'sites-and-services' type of development, where almost one-third of the city's residents, who cannot afford the smallest pucca construction ... will be provided with developed plots on which they can build temporary buildings. Since they will have security of tenure on their plots, we look forward to their gradually improving these dwellings ... to a more permanent type of construction.

Particular stress is laid on the schooling system, which we want to improve considerably in quality, spending more than twice as much per pupil as is spent in municipal schools in Bombay. We also want this schooling system to be accessible to all residents, regardless of income.

Our comprehensive rehabilitation and village improvement program is designed to meet the special needs of the locally resident population whose lands are being acquired for the project.

These are a few of the many aspects of the plan that merit consideration and discussion by the wider public body. Some of these features are being tried out in the projects chosen for early development, such as the residential estate at Vashi, already under construction, and the Belapur node of New Bombay's CBD, where work is just beginning. We may therefore be able to assess their utility in practice.